As COP30 begins in Brazil, bringing together global leaders to address the escalating climate crisis, this short article will focus on a critical and imminent climate tipping point: the potential breakdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and its impacts on Caribbean fisheries and countries. For CARICOM States, which already face existential threats from increasingly powerful hurricanes, sea-level rise, altered rainfall patterns, and destabilization of coastal ecosystems and marine living resources, the demise of the AMOC could have dire and immediate consequences, demanding urgent attention from the international community and national and regional policy-makers. The breakdown of the AMOC, often referred to as a slowdown of the ocean's "conveyor belt," would dramatically destabilize and alter global and regional weather, rainfall, the marine environment, fish stocks, and undermine the national economies, food security, and livelihoods across the region.
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Belize City, Belize, 9 October 2025 (CRFM)— The Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) sealed its first bilateral accord with the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) on Tuesday, September 30, 2025. The signing was executed during the Sixteenth Special Meeting of the CRFM Ministerial Council, held in Saint Kitts and Nevis during Caribbean Week of Agriculture (CWA)—an annual event convened by the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat.
The signatories of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) are Dr. Marc Williams, Executive Director of the CRFM Secretariat, and H.E. Dr. Didacus Jules, Director General of the OECS. Dr. Williams hails the MoU as a pivotal instrument for solidifying and strengthening the established relationship between the CRFM and the OECS—8 of whose members are also members of the CRFM. These countries are Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.


H.E. Dr. Didacus Jules, Director General of the OECS (left), with Dr. Marc Williams, Executive Director of the CRFM Secretariat, at the signing of a new Memorandum of Understanding during CWA 2025
Dr. Williams said: “For many years, the CRFM and the OECS have collaborated on initiatives to support their respective Member States… The informal relationship has worked well for both the CRFM and the OECS, but there is a need to establish official relations. As a result, the signing of the MoU will initiate a collaboration that will guide and formalize cooperation between the CRFM and the OECS for the execution of related and relevant activities in specific areas of fisheries-related matters.”
Dr. Jules said that the MoU, which spans 2025 to 2028, “represents bringing the collaboration between the OECS and the CRFM to a whole new level. It covers governance and management of fisheries, providing support for further integration in the Blue Economy sector... building resilience, harmonization of safety at sea programs, insurance products for fishers, making available information and guidance to support fisheries research, and joint research initiatives, economic development for fisherfolk and communities... focusing on empowerment of youth and women in the fisheries value chain, agriculture and fisheries linkages, trade markets and business development.”
On September 9, 2025, the CRFM also signed an MoU with the University of the West Indies. On that occasion, Dr. Williams signed for the CRFM, while Professor Carl Justin Robinson, Campus Principal of the University of the West Indies Five Islands Campus, based in Antigua and Barbuda, signed on behalf of UWI.

The CRFM (inaugurated in 2003) and the OECS (established in 1981) strengthen their collaboration with signing of a new MoU.
Dr. Williams commented that the 5-year MoU between the CRFM and UWI, which will be executed through the UWI Five Island Campus in Antigua and Barbuda, will foster the establishment of a mutually beneficial relationship for educational and academic collaboration in the areas of mutual interest. These include the blue economy development, marine spatial planning, climate change adaptation, ecosystems resilience, and resource mobilization.
He noted that the Centre of Excellence for Oceanography and the Blue Economy (COBE)—a collaboration between the Government of Antigua and Barbuda, the University of the West Indies, the Commonwealth Secretariat, and the Association of Commonwealth Universities—will support the CRFM in its efforts to advance blue economy development in the Caribbean, in collaboration with regional and global partners.
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Belize City, Belize, 7 October 2025 (CRFM)—Four Caribbean countries—Anguilla, The Bahamas, Dominica, and Montserrat—have signed on to the Agreement Establishing the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM), formalizing their membership in the 22-year-old institution, inaugurated in Belize City, Belize, in March 2003. The momentous signing was done en bloc at the Sixteenth Special Meeting of the CRFM Ministerial Council, held during the recently concluded Caribbean Week of Agriculture, hosted by Saint Kitts and Nevis under the auspices of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat.
Dr. Marc Williams, Executive Director of the CRFM Secretariat, welcomed the decisive move by the 4 Caribbean countries, which have been actively involved in the CRFM, which is an intergovernmental CARICOM institution.
The heads of delegations who signed the CRFM Agreement on Tuesday, 30 September 2025, on behalf of their respective governments are:

From left to right: Mr. Montez Williams (The Bahamas), Hon. Roland Royer (Dominica), Hon. John P. Osborne (Montserrat), and Hon. Kyle Hodge (Anguilla) sign the CRFM Agreement en bloc
Dr. Williams said: “Currently, there are 17 Member States of the CRFM that have been actively involved in the effective management of the organization. The CRFM prides itself on meeting the needs of its members with the available resources. When attracting resources to support the implementation of our work program and alleviate the financial burden on Member States, the CRFM is frequently asked about its governance framework.”

CRFM Executive Director, Dr. Marc Williams (center), welcomes the decisive move by Anguilla, The Bahamas, Dominica, and Montserrat to formalize their membership in the CRFM
He noted that the CRFM has adopted several key policies to improve its governance framework, including:
The CRFM Executive Director added that the CRFM is making a conscious effort to ensure that its initiatives are gender-sensitive and considerate of the needs of youth and Indigenous peoples.
The CRFM’s 17 Member States are Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
The CRFM’s objectives include the efficient management and sustainable development of marine and other aquatic resources within the jurisdictions of Member States. The CRFM also promotes and establishes cooperative arrangements among interested States for the efficient management of shared, straddling or highly migratory marine and other aquatic resources. Furthermore, it provides technical advisory and consultative services to fisheries authorities of its Member States in the development, management and conservation of their marine and other aquatic resources.
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Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, 29 September 2025 (CRFM)—The Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) is convening three hybrid events spotlighting the fisheries and aquaculture sector, this week during the 19th Caribbean Week of Agriculture. The annual event, held under the auspices of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat, opened at the St. Kitts Marriott Resort on Monday, 29 September 2025.

Hon. Samal Duggins, host Minister for CWA 2025 and the upcoming 16th Special Meeting of the CRFM Ministerial Council, addressing the audience at the opening of CWA 2025 in Saint Kitts and Nevis
Host Minister for the weeklong event, Honourable Samal Duggins, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Marine Resources, said in his remarks: “Our region has not always given agriculture the priority it deserves. Too often, it has been seen as a sector of last resort, rather than being recognized as a pillar of sovereignty and a pillar of growth. For too long, our farmers and our fishers—the true heroes of food security—have carried the heaviest of these burdens with too little recognition and too little support.”
He added that, “This week must be remembered as the moment when we moved from words to deeds, the moment we moved from intentions into deliberate actions… Let us leave with commitments rooted in the soil, reflected in our oceans, and lived in the homes of our people.”
On Tuesday, September 30, 2025, Minister Duggins will host the 16th Special Meeting of the CRFM Ministerial Council, which will be chaired by Honourable Kyle Hodge, Anguilla’s Minister of Economic Development, Industry, Commerce, Lands, Planning, Water, and Natural Resources.

Chair of the CRFM Ministerial Council, Honourable Kyle Hodge of Anguilla (right), with Undersecretary in the Ministry of Agriculture & Marine Resources, The Bahamas, Mr. Montez Williams
The agenda of the CRFM Ministerial Council focuses on items such as the status and trends in fisheries and aquaculture production, trade, and employment; initiatives to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing; a new grievance redress mechanism for the CRFM; a regional training and capacity needs assessment being undertaken by the CRFM with support from GRÓ-Fisheries Training Programme (FTP), under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), as well as south-south cooperation with China.
The Ministers will also receive updates and provide policy guidance on regional initiatives to address climate resilience and blue economic growth. These include the Global Affairs Canada-funded Sustainable Technologies for Adaptation and Resilience in Fisheries (STAR-Fish) Project; the GEF/CAF/FAO/CRFM BE-CLME+ Project: Promoting National Blue Economy Priorities through Marine Spatial Planning in the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Plus (BE-CLME+); and the New Zealand Bioeconomy Science Institute: Plant and Food Research Group/CRFM Sargassum Products for Climate Resilience in the Caribbean Project.
Also on Tuesday, September 30, starting at 1:00 p.m. in the Saint Kitts (Plenary) Room at the Marriott, the Ministers will be invited to join stakeholders and partners, in person and online, at the final event being implemented under the Sargassum Products for Climate Resilience in the Caribbean Project: the Sargassum Seminar titled, From Sargassum to Biostimulant: Sowing Change and Harvesting Resilience.
Then on Wednesday, October 1, starting at 1:30 p.m. in the Dominica Room, the CRFM will partner with the Department of Marine Resources and the National Fisherfolk Organization of Saint Kitts and Nevis to convene the Caribbean Small-scale Fisheries & Aquaculture Forum.
Both technical events—the seminar and forum—will be held in hybrid format, and interested persons can either attend in person or online. Registration is still open via the CRFM’s website (crfm.int).
Finally, the CRFM, through the Canada-funded STAR-Fish project, will mount a renewable energy exhibit at the 30th Agri Open Day & Marine Expo to be held at the Royal Basseterre Valley National Park, Kim Collins Highway, on Thursday, October 2 and Friday, October 2, 2025.
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(Photos and video footage courtesy Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Marine Resources, Saint Kitts and Nevis)
The Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) is planning to convene two technical events during the 19th Caribbean Week of Agriculture, slated to be held at the Marriott Hotel in Saint Kitts and Nevis from 29 September to 3 October 2025. The theme for this year’s event is ‘Sowing Change, Harvesting Resilience: Transforming Our Caribbean Food Systems for 2025 and Beyond.’
The CRFM is inviting all stakeholders and partners to join us at the two open public events, focused on Strengthening Fisheries and Aquaculture through Partnerships.

Attendees of the Fifteenth CRFM Ministerial Council Meeting held during CWA 2024 in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
The Sixteenth Special Meeting of the CRFM Ministerial Council will kick off the CRFM events, starting at 9:00 a.m. Atlantic Standard Time (AST) on Tuesday, 30 September 2025. In this closed session, Ministers will consider new policies and protocols for addressing climate change and disaster risk, including access to finance and insurance for CRFM Member States and stakeholders in the Fisheries and Aquaculture (including mariculture) sector.
Later that day, starting at 1:00 p.m. AST, the CRFM and Plant and Food Research (PFR) of New Zealand will co-host the Sargassum Seminar: From Sargassum to Biostimulant: Sowing Change and Harvesting Resilience. This will be a free hybrid event, allowing for both in-person and online attendance.
Key seminar topics include:
✔ The Sargassum Challenge & Opportunity in the Caribbean
✔ Liquid Biostimulants - Agribusiness Applications
- Potential markets and users in the Caribbean
- Issues affecting agriculture in the Caribbean
- Benefits of Sargassum
✔ Developing a Safe, Circular Sargassum-Based Biostimulant
- Development process of the Sargassum extract
- Training of fisherfolk to obtain samples
- Dangers of using unprocessed Sargassum
✔ Capacity Building for Fishers for Harvesting Sargassum & Value Chain Integration
- Presentation of Sargassum Harvest Collection Manual

With the conclusion of the New Zealand-funded Sargassum Products for Climate Resilience Project slated for 30 September 2025, this seminar will mark an important milestone on our journey to addressing both the Sargassum challenge and climate change!
The Caribbean Small-scale Fisheries & Aquaculture Forum will be hosted jointly on Wednesday, 1 October 2025, by the CRFM and the Department of Marine Resources (Saint Kitts and Nevis), National Fisherfolk Organisation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, and the Caribbean Network of Fisherfolk Organisations (CNFO).
The event is slated to start at 1:30 p.m. to 5:30 p.m. AST, also at the Marriott Hotel in Saint Kitts and Nevis. Arrangements are also being made to allow online participation for those who will not be able to attend in-person.

This Forum will provide a space for engagement and networking!
Key forum topics include:
✔ Conservation Measures for Sustainable Fisheries Development
✔ Initiatives in Caribbean Aquaculture
✔ Harnessing Fisheries Value Chain Opportunities for Fishers & Processors
✔ Women in Fisheries and Aquaculture: Initiatives and Opportunities
✔ Additional Income Opportunities for Fishers through the Sargassum Value Chain
✔ Addressing Impacts of Tourism on Fisheries for a Sustainable Blue Economy
This is an opportunity to join in taking critical actions needed to forge a more resolute direction on the way forward.
CWA is the premier event on the regional agricultural calendar. It is a roving event hosted by CARICOM Member States and Associate Members and includes seminars, key meetings, a special meeting of the Council for Trade and Economic Development (COTED), and an exhibition.
It was conceptualised by the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) as a facility to place agriculture and rural life on the front burner of regional integration activities.
Bookmark our CWA 2025 event site to stay current with updates and future information releases, including recordings, presentations and other resources from the event. Click here.
BELIZE CITY, BELIZE, 31 July 2025–Illicit eel trafficking has been found to be tied to people involved in drugs and arms trafficking. Traffickers are reaping the benefits of the trade at the expense of our fishers. It is said to be an indication that authorities at every level need to do more to recognize crimes that are perhaps not as visible but just as pernicious.
Although eels are not among the mix of popular options for Caribbean cuisine, they are an expensive and highly sought-after delicacy in Asia and other parts of the world where Asian food is marketed. Eel trafficking is a high-value operation–with the value of the traded commodity rivaling cocaine–and it is being perpetrated by networks spanning countries, continents, and oceans.
The species targeted from this region is the American or Caribbean Eel (Anguilla rostrata).
Photo © Joe Girgente, some rights reserved - Source: iNaturalist
In the Caribbean, CARICOM IMPACS and Auxilium Worldwide are continuing to work to get more insights into this matter and are working to support the region in confronting the challenges arising from illicit eel trade.
The American Eel’s geographic range spans several CRFM Member States, including Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turks and Caicos Islands; in addition to other parts of the Americas.
Geographic range of Anguilla rostrata | Map source: IUCN
Baby eels–or elvers–are harvested in varying locations destined for Asia, where they are raised at farms to adulthood to meet market demand. However, since these eels do not reproduce in captivity, fresh supplies are sought from the wild, threatening eel stocks, specifically, and marine biodiversity, generally.
An article originally published by El Espectador and republished by Earth Journalism indicates that glass eels fished in the Caribbean are worth about US$4,400 per kilogram, but the value triples to $12,000 per kilogram by the time they reach their final destination in Asia, via major trading routes. The reported value has reached as high as US$35,000 per kilo–comparable to the price of cocaine.
Illicit eel trafficking has been detected in multiple Caribbean jurisdictions. However, beyond concerns over illicit seafood trafficking and food fraud is its association with other types of nefarious activities, including drug trafficking and money laundering. This makes it imperative for Caribbean countries to step up surveillance and action.
According to information published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the population of mature American eels is said to be on continuing decline. The various life stages, ranging from glass eel to adult, of all Anguilla species are harvested and traded on a global scale for consumption, with current demand predominantly driven by East Asian markets, in particular Japan and mainland China.
Although the American eel is plundered in this region, as well as Canada and the United States, a related species, Anguilla anguilla, also known as the European Eel, is also heavily exploited to critical endangerment levels. It has thus been listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) since 2009.
According to an IUCN European Eel assessment, a concerning pattern of exploitation is already apparent–when one Anguilla species or population becomes overexploited, industry moves to the next in order to fulfil demand.
Indications are that a proposal to list all eel species in Appendix II of CITES is being studied by the countries of the European Union and this could be presented at the 20th Conference of the Parties to CITES, to be held from 24 November to 5 December 2025 in Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
Our sources indicate that EUROPOL is working on this, as well, and would be happy if you share information with them, but it is a one way street and they will not be able to share any information with you.
Belize City, Belize, 8 July 2025 (CRFM)—Fish trade, fisheries-related crimes, and a new environmental and social safeguard policy were among key matters on the agenda of the Ministerial Council of the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM), which convened its 19th Regular Meeting virtually on Friday, 4 July 2025.
The Council—which is comprised of Ministers responsible for fisheries, aquaculture, and the blue economy from 17 CRFM Member States—elected Honourable Kyle Hodge, Anguilla’s Minister of Economic Development, Industry, Commerce, Lands, Planning, Water, and Natural Resources, as the new Chair.

The newly elected chair of the CRFM Ministerial Council - Honourable Kyle Hodge of Anguilla
(Photo: Government of Anguilla)
Hon. Hodge said: "we will forge resolutely ahead with... actions aimed at ensuring safe, healthy and fair working and living conditions for over half-million fishers, fish workers, and others employed across our fisheries and aquaculture value chains."
“It is a distinct honor for Anguilla to take up this mantle of Chair from The Turks and Caicos Islands. We have very important work to do over the next year, as we continue to chart the way forward for this regional authority for fisheries and aquaculture across the Caribbean Community,” Minister Hodge said.
“As Ministers responsible for fisheries, we will forge resolutely ahead with promoting the efficient management, conservation and development of the region's living marine resources; developing and maintaining relations with national, sub-regional, regional, and international partners that share our vision and mission for sustainable Caribbean fisheries; as well as supporting actions aimed at ensuring safe, healthy and fair working and living conditions for over half-million fishers, fish workers, and others employed across our fisheries and aquaculture value chains,” he added.
The fisheries sector lies at the heart of a vibrant Caribbean blue economy, which operates within a dynamic international legislative and policy landscape that impacts fish trade in the Caribbean—and by extension both national and regional economies. The Council deliberated upon the implications of the listing of the queen conch under the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA). It also deliberated upon strategies for securing Caribbean trade amid measures arising under the US Marine Mammal Protection Act, the US Import Provisions & High Seas Driftnet Fishing Moratorium Protection Act, the US NOAA Fisheries Seafood Import Monitoring Program, and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Strategy on Reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Ships.
The CRFM has played an active role in regional and international initiatives to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and other fisheries-related crimes. The Council received updates on the efforts made by the CRFM Secretariat and Member States to address fisheries-related crimes, including efforts through the global Blue Justice Initiative and the Blue Justice Caribbean Hub, based in Jamaica. They also received updates on interventions led by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), as well as a new partnership with the Caribbean Community Implementing Agency for Crime and Security (CARICOM IMPACS) and Auxilium Worldwide.
The Ministers approved the CRFM’s new Environmental and Social Safeguard Policy, which will serve as a guiding framework to manage environmental and social risks and ensure compliance with relevant national, regional, and international safeguard principles and standards.
They also approved the CRFM Strategy for Mainstreaming Biodiversity into Regional Fisheries Management. This document signals the commitment of CRFM Member States to ensure that marine biodiversity and environmental protection are integrated into fisheries management.
The CRFM expresses its sincerest gratitude to Hon. Josephine Olivia Connolly, former Minister of Tourism, Environment, Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Culture and Heritage, Agriculture and Religious Affairs, of The Turks and Caicos Islands, for her stellar service as Chair of the Council for the 2024 Programme Year. We also welcome her successor, Hon. Zhavargo Jolly, who became the new Minister of Tourism, Agriculture, Fisheries & Environment in the Turks and Caicos Islands in February 2025.
The Council is scheduled to hold an in-person meeting in October 2025 at Caribbean Week of Agriculture, to be convened by the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat in Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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Belize City, Thursday, 19 June 2025 (CRFM)—The Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) is moving full speed ahead with the implementation of the Canada-funded STAR-Fish Project: “Sustainable Technologies for Adaptation and Resilience in Fisheries.” This CAD 4 million initiative is designed to increase clean energy transition in Caribbean fisheries and aquaculture while building resilience, by addressing the need to improve competitiveness and unleash key economic drivers.
This month, the CRFM Secretariat welcomed two highly experienced project staff: Mr. Sherrón Barker – Regional Project Coordinator, and Mrs. Daintyann Barrett-Smith – Environmental and Social Safeguards Specialist.
"The STAR-Fish Project represents an important opportunity to drive innovation and sustainability in Caribbean fisheries. I am honoured to support our partners in delivering real progress on climate resilience, gender equity, and clean energy transition in this critical sector for our region’s economies and communities," Mr. Barker said.
He joined the CRFM Secretariat in Belize City in February 2025, as the Environmental and Social Safeguards Officer under another regional initiative – the GEF/FAO/CRFM BE-CLME+ Project titled, “Promoting National Blue Economy Priorities Through Marine Spatial Planning in the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Plus.” He previously worked as Project Manager for the Sustainable Seabed Knowledge Initiative, at the International Seabed Authority in Jamaica from 2023 to 2024.
In his new role as the Regional Project Coordinator for the STAR-Fish Project, Mr. Barker will oversee and coordinate the implementation of STAR-Fish. He also holds responsibility for planning, implementing, and ensuring the delivery of timely and quality project outputs.
Complementing his work, Mrs. Barrett-Smith will assess environmental and social risks, recommend solutions, ensure compliance with the relevant environmental and social safeguard policies and standards, as well as provide technical support for the implementation of the project and its activities. She will also lead the development of an environmental and social screening checklist for the project. She is furthermore tasked with identifying mitigation and corrective measures which may be required by the project. Of note is that Mrs. Barnett-Smith has also been retained to fill the role vacated by Mr. Barker as the Environmental and Social Safeguards Officer for the BE-CLME+ Project.
In 2024, Global Affairs Canada (GAC) approved the implementation of STAR-Fish—a four-year project which was developed by the CRFM to address climate resilience in the Caribbean. The Government of Canada, through Global Affairs Canada, has donated CAD 4 million to the project, while the CRFM has committed CAD 324,000 in counterpart funding. Although this project is being implemented in countries eligible for Official Development Assistance (ODA)—namely Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname—the CRFM Secretariat is committed to ensuring that other Member States across the region garner as many spin-off benefits as possible.
The fisheries sector consumes energy across its value chain, particularly for fish processing—cooling, cleaning, drying, and freezing. The STAR-Fish Project seeks to demonstrate that energy costs can be substantially reduced by transitioning to renewable energy technologies. The project intends to ultimately increase clean energy transition in Caribbean fisheries and aquaculture by applying a gender-responsive approach to its interventions, as it supports the certification of low carbon or carbon neutral fisheries in the region and facilitates technical collaboration and knowledge exchange.
The STAR-Fish Project is pivotal for the advancement of the CRFM’s 2022-2030 Strategic Plan. It particularly supports the attainment of Strategic Goal 4, which envisions “Increased use of renewable energy and energy efficient harvesting, processing, and cold storage systems, and reduction of the region’s reliance on fossil fuels in fisheries and aquaculture.”
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About Global Affairs Canada:
Global Affairs Canada (GAC)—under the leadership of the Minister of Foreign Affairs; the Minister of International Trade; the Minister of Canada-U.S. Trade, Intergovernmental Affairs; and the Secretary of State of International Development—is responsible for advancing Canada’s international relations, including, inter alia: developing and implementing foreign policy; fostering the development of international law, international trade and commerce; and providing international assistance (encompassing humanitarian, development, and peace and security).